Personalized System of Instruction (PSI)

PSI is characterized by a well-defined set of objectives, and insistence on mastery of discrete units of content before moving on to new units of instruction. It is thus student-paced. Students take tests as soon as they think they have learned the material, and the tests are immediately graded with immediate feedback. If there is less than mastery, the students review the material in which they are having trouble, and retake the test as often as necessary.

Instruction relies on writeen content material, and lecture serves a different role than in typical college teaching, primarily for interaction and motivation.

The Personalized System of Instruction webpage,* by Bob Allan. Learn about this groundbreaking behavioral approach to learning and teaching pioneered by Fred S. Keller.

An Introduction to the Personalized System of Instruction,* by Nathan Martin. A nice overview of the Personalized System of Instruction, drawing from the works of Fred S. Keller, with a step-by-step discussion on implementing PSI in the classroom.

The Keller Plan in Science Teaching,* by James A. Kulik, Chen-Lin Kulik, and Kevin Carmichael. Another fine overview of the Personalized System of Instruction, with special applications to teaching science, and an analysis of the many strengths of using the Keller Plan with students to improve educational practices.

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